Observe
Use measurable signals
Current and voltage behavior provide the evidence available to an online monitoring system.
State estimation
Estimate charge state from the battery’s changing behavior.
The online framework combines system identification with nonlinear optimization to estimate battery state of charge while accounting for the system behavior visible in measured signals.
Engineering logic
Identify, estimate, update.
Online state estimation is difficult because battery voltage response depends on operating history, dynamics and model uncertainty. A combined identification approach updates the representation used by the estimator, while nonlinear optimization determines the state consistent with observed behavior.
Identify
Update model behavior
System identification aligns model parameters with the battery response being observed.
Estimate
Solve for state of charge
Nonlinear optimization finds a state consistent with the identified system and measurements.
Control
Support active battery management
A reliable estimate improves the basis for energy limits, supervision and control decisions.